Varying Concepts of Freedom - 1515 Words

Introduction At the end of Civil War, Union General William T. Sherman talked with the group of blacks of Savannah who were recently freed. The group was comprised of educators, ministers, and leaders of black community. What Sherman wanted was to know how these freed black group thought about their status now and how they survived in a society that once made them slaves. They answered clearly that freedom mean the capability to develop from one’s own labor and what was necessary to do this was the access to land. What was Freedom? The understanding of freedom of African-Americans was simply molded by their experiences as slaves and how they observed the free society surrounding them. African-Americans were delighted with the chance†¦show more content†¦This has marked the beginning of Radical Reconstruction or the Congressional Reconstruction. In 1867, Congressional Reconstruction began with the First Act or the Military Reconstruction Act. The bill had lessened the secessionist states to little conquered territory and divided them into five military districts. Each district was governed by a Union General. The Congress declared martial law in the territories that dispatched troops in order to maintain peace and protect the former slaves. Moreover, the congress declared that Southern states had to redraft their constitutions, thereby ratifying the 14th Amendment. This has given suffrage to African Americans to find readmission to the Union. Republicans passed the Second Reconstructio n Act that placed the Union troops in charge of voter registration. The effect of Radical reconstruction on blacks was little. Radical republicans in Congress continued to pass legislation rights but Southerners ignored these laws. New Southern governments build schools but were still separated and were not receiving enough funds. Literacy rate did improve but were still not the best (Radical Reconstruction, 2011). Two Concepts of Liberty There are several interpretations of freedom. Throughout our history, it has been constantly changing even though the exact meaning of it is to be free from the oppression. Nonetheless, theShow MoreRelatedLiberty and Political Liberalism893 Words   |  4 PagesLiberty and Political Liberalism William D. Towah Liberty and Political Liberalism The Relationship between the Concepts of Liberty and Political Liberalism In his publication: â€Å"The Equality Trust†, Goddard, J. (2013) discussed that liberty as defined by many to mean the ability of an individual to carry out his/her will without any active obstruction or impediment from any persons is narrowed and, therefore, flawed. He proposed that liberty should rather be viewed as the â€Å"absence of relationshipRead MoreChemistry Lab Essay1204 Words   |  5 Pagesexperiment was tested using a known indicator, bromocresol green. Qualitatively, we used the color change of the solution with indicator to obtain the pKa value solely using a pH meter. Quantitatively, we used a pH meter and the spectrophotometer with varying concentrations of the acid and base. The maximum wavelengths of absorbance used to quantify the dissociated and undissociated forms of the bromocresol green were 440 nm (yellow, undissociated) and 616 nm (blue dissociated). For the unknown indicatorRead MoreThe Concept of Freedom an Article by Joel Feinberg Essay985 Wor ds   |  4 Pagesthe word freedom is perhaps one of the most ambiguous. â€Å"It is defined as the following: the fact of not being controlled by subject or fate; the power of self-determination attributed to will† (â€Å"Freedom†). Its definition cannot be simplified into one dimension, and its interpretation is completely contextual. The reason that the definition from the Oxford English Dictionary was given prior, was due to its broadness; making it a more well-suited definition to describe the concept of freedom. In analyzingRead MoreThe Necessary Separation of Church and State in America Essay1641 Words   |  7 Pagesthereof,†¦Ã¢â‚¬  goes to the heart of American strength. It provides the foundation upon which this nation’s strength and resolve is built. It is the groundwork laid to allow American citizens to be who they are without government interference and that freedom allows the citizens to learn and grow from each other, building the found ation with the strength of cultural and religious diversity. America was built on this foundation and it is instilled in the heart of every proud American citizen. The contentRead MoreRespect and Freedom: Imperative Civic Values of an American Citizen875 Words   |  4 Pagescivic values that are essential to being an American such as: Respecting our government, the sense of pride about being an American, Courage, Justice, Integrity, and Freedom. There are several values that stand out, these civic values include: Courage, Justice, Integrity, Respect and the one civic value that stands out the most is freedom. Courage is an essential part of being an American because courage defines the United States of America. US citizens have the courage to stand up for what we believeRead MoreMedia Needs to Have Self-Regulation Essay647 Words   |  3 Pages Earlier in the semester, our class read the book â€Å"Entertaining Ourselves to Death† by Neil Postman. This literary piece discussed the concept that everything media related is becoming more and more â€Å"entertaining†. This meant that groups such as news organizations were becoming less concerned about the news and more concerned about the number of viewers they were attracting. It also meant that trivial and stupid programs such as comedies were, and still are, replacing programs such as intellectualRead MoreProfessional Journalism Essay906 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Goode, who states that being a professionalized occupation means belonging to a homogenous community in which members feel a sense of shared identity and common values. Merrill notes that journalists exercise a high level of occupational freedom in terms of performance regulations and subjects they choose to discuss in their writing. There is little commonality between journalists as their work is greatly based on personal interests. Also taken into account are several characteristicsRead MoreWhy the Government must, at times, infringe upon Individual Liberties such as Abortion1298 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the history of our country, the State has been called on to place certain restraints on freedoms. These restraints have been instituted by all levels of government during times when action was warranted to provide for the protection of individual or group rights and public safety. These restraints, typically laws, have affected to varying degrees the absolute freedoms of people. Freedom, in this case, means the absence of external legal restraint to carry out actions of free will. Read MoreRousseau Vs Democracy853 Words   |  4 PagesDemocracy, More Like DemoCRAZY An issue with the concept and philosophy of democracy is that idea in which is theorized to uphold can sometimes contradict themselves. 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How Sunscreen SPF Is Measured

SPF (Sun Protection Factor) is a multiplication factor you can use to determine how long you can stay out in the sun before getting a sunburn. If you normally can stay out 10 minutes before burning, a sunscreen with an SPF of 2 will let you stay out twice as long, or 20 minutes, before feeling the burn. An SPF of 70 will let you stay out 70 times longer than if you had no protection (or 700 minutes in this example, which would be over 11 hours or a full day). How Is SPFDetermined? Think SPF is a  calculated value or an experimental lab value, based on how much ultraviolet light penetrates a coating of sunscreen? Nope! SPF is determined using human experimentation. The test involves fair-skinned volunteers (people who burn most quickly). They apply the product and bake in the sun until they start to fry.   What about water resistant? For a sunscreen to be marketed as water resistant, the time required to burn must be the same before and after two consecutive 20 minute soaks in a Jacuzzi. The SPF factors are calculated by rounding down the time required to burn; however, you may get a false sense of protection from an SPF because the amount of sunscreen used in the tests is a lot more product than the average person uses. The tests use 2 milligrams of formula per square centimeter of skin. Thats like using a quarter of an 8-oz bottle of sunscreen for a single application. Still... a high SPF confers more protection than lower SPF.  How Sunless Tanning Works | How Sunscreen Works

Components of Mis Free Essays

Hardware Input and output devices constitute the hardware components of MIS. Software The programs and applications that convert data into machine-readable language are known as software. Procedures Procedures are sets of rules or guidelines, which an organization establishes for the use of a computer-based information system. We will write a custom essay sample on Components of Mis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Personnel The computer experts, managers, users, analysts, programmers, database managers, and many other computer professionals who utilize the computer-based information systems are the personnel in a management information system.COMPONENTS OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM USED IN LILAVATI HOSPITAL RESEARCH SYSTEM 1) Marketing Research System (MRS) 2) Marketing Intelligence System (MIS) 3) Internal Reporting System (IRS) 4) Decision Support System (DSS) DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM Decision support systems (DSS) are a computer-based information system that supports business or organizational decision-making activities. DSS’s serve the management, operations, and planning levels of an organization and help to make decisions, which may be rapidly changing and not easily specified in advance. DSS’s include knowledge-based systems.A properly designed DSS is an interactive software-based system intended to help decision makers compile useful information from a combination of raw data, documents, personal knowledge, or business models to identify and solve problems and make decisions. Typical information that a decision support application might gather and present are: ? Inventories of information assets (including legacy and relational data sources, cubes, data warehouses, and data marts), ? Comparative sales figures between one period and the next, ? Projected revenue figures based on product sales assumptions. ApplicationsAs mentioned above, there are theoretical possibilities of building such systems in any knowledge domain. One example is the Clinical decision support system for medical diagnosis. Other examples include a bank loan officer verifying the credit of a loan applicant or an engineering firm that has bids on several projects and wants to know if they can be competitive with their costs. DSS is extensively used in business and management. Executive dashboard and other business performance software allow faster decision making, identification of negative trends, and better allocation of business resources.A growing area of DSS application, concepts, principles, and techniques is in agricultural production, marketing for sustainable development. For example, the DSSAT4 package, developed through financial support of USAID during the 80’s and 90’s, has allowed rapid assessment of several agricultural production systems around the world to facilitate decision-making at the farm and policy levels. There are, however, many constraints to the successful adoption on DSS in agriculture. DSS are also prevalent in forest management where the long planning time frame demands specific requirements.All aspects of Forest management, from log transportation, harvest scheduling to sustainability and ecosystem protection have been addressed by modern DSSs. A comprehensive list and discussion of all available systems in forest management is being compiled under the COST action Forays’ A specific example concerns the Canadian National Railway system, which tests its equipment on a regular basis using a decision support system. A problem faced by any railroad is worn-out or defective rails, which can result in hundreds of derailments per year.Under a DSS, CN managed to decrease the incidence of derailments at the same time other companies were experiencing an increase. Clinical decision support system Clinical decision support systems (CDSS or CDS) are interactive computer programs, which are designed to assist physicians and other health professionals with decision mak ing tasks. A working definition has been proposed by Dr. Robert Hayward of the Centre for Health Evidence; â€Å"Clinical Decision Support systems link health observations with health knowledge to influence health choices by clinicians for improved health care†.This definition has the advantage of simplifying Clinical Decision Support to a functional concept. Basic definition of a CDSS in its simplest form is that it is a decision support system (DSS) that is used in the clinical setting. Often a Diagnostic Decision Support System DDSS is assumed to be equivalent to a CDSS and are thought to be interchangeable. However, in a clinical setting, making diagnoses based on clinical data is only a subset of the spectrum in which DSS can be used in a clinical setting. Purpose/Goal The main purpose of modern CDSS is to assist clinicians at the point of care.This means that a clinician would interact with a CDSS to help determine diagnosis, analysis, etc. of patient data. Previous theories of CDSS were to use the CDSS to literally make decisions for the clinician. The clinician would input the information and wait for the CDSS to output the â€Å"right† choice and the clinician would simply act on that output. The new methodology of using CDSS to assist forces the clinician to interact with the CDSS utilizing both the clinician’s knowledge and the CDSS to make a better analysis of the patients data than either human or CDSS could make on their own.Typically the CDSS would make suggestions of outputs or a set of outputs for the clinician to look through and the clinician officially picks useful information and removes erroneous CDSS suggestions. An example of how a CDSS might be used by a clinician comes from the subset of CDSS, DDSS or Diagnosis Decision Support Systems. A DDSS would take the patients data and propose a set of appropriate diagnosis. The doctor then takes the output of the DDSS and figures out which diagnoses are relevant and which are not. Another important classification of a CDSS is based on the timing of its use.The doctor uses these systems at point of care to help them as they are dealing with a patient, with the timing of use as either pre-diagnosis, during diagnoses, or post diagnoses. Pre-diagnoses CDSS systems are used to help the physician prepare the diagnoses. CDSS used during diagnoses help review and filter the physician’s preliminary diagnostic choices to improve their final results. And post-diagnoses CDSS systems are used to mine data to derive connections between patients and their past medical history and clinical research to predict future events. There are two main types of CDSS ?Knowledge-Based Non-Knowledge-Based Knowledge-Based CDSS Most CDSS consist of three parts, the knowledge base, inference engine, and mechanism to communicate. The knowledge base contains the rules and associations of compiled data which most often take the form of IF-THEN rules. If this was a system for determining drug interactions, then a rule might be that IF drug X is taken AND drug Y is taken THEN alert user. Using another interface, an advanced user could edit the knowledge base to keep it up to date with new drugs. The inference engine combines the rules from the knowledge base with the patient’s data.The communication mechanism will allow the system to show the results to the user as well as have input into the system. Non-Knowledge-Based CDSS CDSS that do not use a knowledge base use a form of artificial intelligence called machine learning, which allow computers to learn from past experiences and/or find patterns in clinical data. Two types of non-knowledge-based systems are artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms. Artificial neural networks use nodes and weighted connections between them to analyze the patterns found in the patient data to derive the ssociations between the symptoms and a diagnosis. This eliminates the need to write the rules and for expert input. However since the system cannot explain the reason it uses the data the way it does, most clinicians don’t use them for reliability and accountability reasons. Genetic Algorithms are based on simplified evolutionary processes using directed selection to achieve optimal CDSS results. The selection algorithms evaluate components of random sets of solutions to a problem. The solutions that come out on top are then recombined and mutated and run through the process again.This happens over and over till the proper solution is discovered. They are the same as neural networks in that they derive their knowledge from patient data. Non-knowledge-based networks often focus on a narrow list of symptoms like ones for a single disease as opposed to the knowledge based approach which cover many different diseases to diagnosis. BENEFITS OF DSS 1. Improves personal efficiency 2. Expedites problem solving (speed up the progress of problems solving in an organization) 3. Facilitates interpersonal communication 4.Promotes learning or training 5. Increases organizational control 6. Generates new evidence in support of a decision 7. Creates a competitive advantage over competition 8. Encourages exploration and discovery on the part of the decision maker 9. Reveals new approaches to thinking about the problem space 10. Helps automate the managerial processes. MARKETING RESEARCH SYSTEM The general topic of marketing research has been the prime ‘ subject of the textbook and only a little more needs to be added here. Marketing research is a proactive search for information.That is, the enterprise which commissions these studies does so to solve a perceived marketing problem. In many cases, data is collected in a purposeful way to address a well-defined problem (or a problem which can be defined and solved within the course of the study). The other form of marketing research centre’s not around a specific marketing problem but is an attempt to continuously monitor the marketing environment. These monitoring or tracking exercises are continuous marketing research studies, often involving panels of farmers, consumers or distributors from which the same data is collected at regular intervals.Whilst the ad hoc study and continuous marketing research differs in the orientation, yet they are both proactive. MARKETING INTELLIGENCE SYSTEM A marketing intelligence system is a set of procedures and data sources used by marketing managers to sift information from the environment that they can use in their decision making. This scanning of the economic and business environment can be undertaken in a variety of ways, including2 Unfocused scanning The manager, by virtue of what he/she reads, hears and watches exposes him/herself to information that may prove useful.Whilst the behavior is unfocused and the manager has no specific purpose in mind, it is not unintentional Semi-focused scanning Again, the manager is not in search of particular pieces of information that he/she is actively searching but does narrow the range of media that is scanned. For instance, the manager may focus more on economic and business publications, broadcasts etc. and pay less attention to political, scientific or technological media. Informal search This describes the situation where a fairly limited and unstructured attempt is made to obtain information for a specific purpose.For example, the marketing manager of a firm considering entering the business of importing frozen fish from a neighboring country may make informal inq uiries as to prices and demand levels of frozen and fresh fish. There would be little structure to this search with the manager making inquiries with traders he/she happens to encounter as well as with other ad hoc contacts in ministries, international aid agencies, with trade associations, importers/exporters etc. Formal search This is a purposeful search after information in some systematic way. The information will be required to address a specific issue.Whilst this sort of activity may seem to share the characteristics of marketing research it is carried out by the manager him/herself rather than a professional researcher. Moreover, the scope of the search is likely to be narrow in scope and far less intensive than marketing research Marketing intelligence is the province of entrepreneurs and senior managers within an agribusiness. It involves them in scanning newspaper trade magazines, business journals and reports, economic forecasts and other media. In addition it involves management in talking to producers, suppliers and customers, as well as to competitors.Nonetheless, it is a largely informal process of observing and conversing. Some enterprises will approach marketing intelligence gathering in a more deliberate fashion and will train its sales force, after-sales personnel and district/area managers to take cognizance of competitors’ actions, customer complaints and requests and distributor problems. Enterprises with vision will also encourage intermediaries, such as collectors, retailers, traders and other middlemen to be proactive in conveying market intelligence back to them.INTERNAL REPORTING SYSTEM All enterprises which have been in operation for any period of time nave a wealth of information. However, this information often remains under-utilized because it is compartmentalized, either in the form of an individual entrepreneur or in the functional departments of larger businesses. That is, information is usually categorized according to its nature so that there are, for example, financial, production, manpower, marketing, stockholding and logistical data.Often the entrepreneur, or various pers onnel working in the functional departments holding these pieces of data, do not see how it could help decision makers in other functional areas. Similarly, decision makers can fail to appreciate how information from other functional areas might help them and therefore do not request it. The internal records that are of immediate value to marketing decisions are: orders received, stockholdings and sales invoices. These are but a few of the internal records that can be used by marketing managers, but even this small set of records is capable of generating a great deal of information.Below, is a list of some of the information that can be derived from sales invoices. †¢ Product type, size and pack type by territory †¢ Product type, size and pack type by type of account †¢ Product type, size and pack type by industry †¢ Product type, size and pack type by customer †¢ Average value and/or volume of sale by territory †¢ Average value and/or volume of sale by type of account †¢ Average value and/or volume of sale by industry †¢ Average value and/or volume of sale by sales person By comparing orders received with invoices an enterprise can establish the extent to which it is providing an acceptable level of customer service.In the sa me way, comparing stockholding records with orders received helps an enterprise ascertain whether its stocks are in line with current demand patterns. LILAVATI HOSPITAL AND RESEARCH CENTRE The Lilavati Hospital is the creation of the Lilavati Kirtilal Mehta Medical Trust. Formed in 1978, the Lilavati Kirtilal Mehta Medical Trust has engaged in charitable endeavors across India. Members take personal initiative every year to distribute clothes and medicine to the poor in rural areas and have successfully set up medical clinics in many remote and ill-equipped hamlets of India.The Trust now broadens its sphere of activity by addressing one of the most fundamental rights of every human being: the right to live in good health. In a country where thousands die each day due to their inability to access an expensive health care system the Lilavati Kirtilal Mehta Trust seeks to advance the frontiers of specialized medical care and evaluate new techniques designed for a quality health care delivery system. The combination of research and education with outpatient and hospital care distinguishes the Lilavati Hospital as a concerned non-profit healthcare organization.The Hospital maintains a team of doctors, well trained in multi-disciplinary areas of medicine and surgery. Together the men and women of the hospital strive to make each day more comfortable and promisin g for the patients. The Lilavati Kirtilal Mehta Medical Trust is helping to spark a new confidence in India’s ability to deliver a humane and affordable health care system. The Medical Centre will integrate outpatient and hospital care with research and education under a single roof, which will provide for greater efficiency in meeting the overall needs of a patient. SUB-SYSTEMS IN LILAVATI HOSPITAL RESEARCH CENTREThe hospital has the following departments ?Cardiology ?Dermatology ?Endocrinology ?Gastroenterology ?Nephrology ?Neurology ?Oncology ?Pediatrics ?Psychiatry ?Respiratory ?Rheumatology WORKING OF VARIOUS SUB-SYSTEMS CARDIOLOGY The teams of Cardiologist, Cath Lab and non-invasive lab technicians have wide experience in the management of all complex cardiac problems. The latest techniques in the field of Pacing and Coronary angioplasties are being routinely perform at the Hospital. ENDROCRINOLOGY The Department of Dermatology provides full medical and surgical dermatologic service to patients.GASTROENTROLOGY The Department of Gastroenterology has diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopies. It also caters to Herpetology and Pancreatic disorders. NE PHROLOGY Nephrology is an essential science required in every major Super Specialty Hospital. Nephrology as a subspecialty is a very important aspect of medicine required for the success of various other services like Critical Care Medicine, Cardiology, Cardiac Surgeries, Major General Surgeries and Orthopedic Surgery. It is an essential back up without which advanced Medical, Surgical and Critical Care is difficult to provide.NEUROLOGY The 21st Century promises new excitement on the frontier of brain development. It Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre are gearing up to absorb this excitement and have established a comprehensive Neurosciences Department. This will have services to cater to problems related to Neurological diseases of the Brain and Spinal Cord too. ONCOLOGY Cancer is fast becoming the commonest disease-affecting mankind. Lilavati Hospital has rightly identified Oncology as one of the thrust areas for development. PEDIATRICS The Lilavati Hospital has a thriving Pediatrics department.It is also a tertiary care Centre for complicated pediatrics cases. It has a number of Pediatric sub-specialties like Pediatric Cardiology. Pediatric Oncology. Pediatrics Hematology. Pediatrics Neurology. Paediatric Surgery. Paediatric Nephrology. PSYCHIATRY Psychiatry has an important role to play. This area of functioning is known as Consultation Liaison Psychiatry. Here the psychiatrist acts as a consultant to medical and surgical units. Patient in these units may develop secondary problems such as delirium, post operative psychosis etc. patient may have co-existing psychiatric illness such as major psychosis, which may interfere with the planned management. Patients may also have personality traits or neurotic disorders that may make him non-compliant with the treatment or patients may develop secondary anxiety or depression in reaction to the medical illness, its treatment or unexpected complications. In such conditions psychological treatment is necessary for proper and total patient care. RESPIRATORY Respiratory Medicine department provides comprehensive consultation, evaluation and treatment of the entire spectrum of respiratory disorders.Daily Services are provided for OPD-Patients and In-Patients. Clinical interest of physicians include Lung Infections, Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis, Occupational Environmental Lung Disease, Pulmonary Vascular Diseases and Pulmonary Hypertension, Asthma and COPD, Sleep Apnea Syndrome, Sarcoidosis and Interstitial Pulmonary Fibrosis, Acute Respiratory and Chronic Respiratory Failure, Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Lung Cancers. RHEUMATOLOGY Rheumatology is a specialized branch of medicine, which deals with the medical treatment of Arthritis and various Collagen vascular diseases.Arthritis is a common problem faced in our country. Deformities and other complete disease-remission can be achieved if the patient comes at an e arly stage, so that deformities and other complete disease remission can be achieved if the patient comes at an early stage. ASSIGNMENT-2 *SUBJECT* MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM NAME RAHMAT ZAHOOR ENROLMENTNO: 1187 SERVICES PROVIDED BY LILAVATI HOSPITAL AND RESEACH CENTRE †¢Arranging your treatment at Medical Centers that offer quality and personal treatment to International patients. Flexible and tailor made packages. †¢Organizing flights, visa and accommodation. †¢Arrangement of Medical Visa to India. †¢Coordinating treatment and correspondence on your behalf. †¢Liaising with the doctors who will be treating you. †¢A support line for your relatives and friends back home. †¢Arranging recuperation holidays. †¢Access to state-of-the-art facilities and technologies. †¢Access to leading medical institutions and doctors. †¢Significant savings compared to private healthcare. †¢Avoid waiting times to be treated. †¢Excellent quality of service. How to cite Components of Mis, Papers

Barriers Global Workers Utilizing Software †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Barriers Global Workers Utilizing Software? Answer: Introduction: More and more organizations over the world have taken the strategy to develop a geographically dispersed workforce so that they can successfully build a global economy. They mainly initiate it by building teams which are capable of providing the best functional expertise from all over the world. This is however combined with the deep local knowledge and idea of the promising markets (Reiche, Mendenhall and Stahl 2016). The main benefit of maintaining such a team is that it helps to maintain an international diversity which thereby helps in bringing people from different cultures that aligns with varied work experiences as well as different perspectives on organizational and strategic challenges. These mainly help the multinational companies to compete successfully in the modern business environment. However a large number of challenges are faced by the managers working in such organizations as they lead the global teams. It often becomes difficult for managers to successfully create work groups when all the workers is local and share the same office space as they might not be able to adapt the working style of the mother organization that is based in a different country. again, it is also seen that different team members come from a variety of countries and different functional backgrounds and work in different locations, there might be deterioration in communication, misunderstanding can happen and also cooperation can degenerate leading to distrust (Johnston 2014). The present report will mainly look over the challenges which a particular organization may face when handling global teams. The knowledge would help budding professional to be knowledgeable and hence act accordingly to decrease the chances of the effects of improper team management. The main objective of the report is to: Collect information about the factors that affect the productivity of the organization which harbors diverse workforce in different overseas branches of the organization. Describe the factors that lead to facing challenges by the managers when they try to manage the global teams Issues faced by the workers of the different teams of the different branches of the organization in different nations among themselves which act as challenges for the employers affecting the productivity. Project scope: It has been seen that organizations who manage global teams have a competitive advantage over other companies who do not expand internationally. These helps in expansion of the productivity level of the organization and also help to increase the number of clients or consumers. More the exposure of the organization to different nations more will be the reputation of the organization and the brand value will eventually increase due to greater expansion of fame. Different geographical regions have their own traditions and cultures which have specific ways of handling matters (Morgan et al. 2014). When these suggestions are incorporated in the organizations, it often results in innovative strategies which help in the overcoming of different issues which were seen previously in the organization. Moreover, such branches of the organization in different nations help the mother origination by inputting their own advices which can thereby increase their sale within that particular nation. How ever, the maintenance of such global teams are not as easy as it seem as there are many different types of challenges that rise form handling such teams. It becomes very important for the senior management to take up important steps to overcome the challenges which if not done properly results in huge loss of productivity (Erez et al. 2013). A professional should develop knowledge about the challenges so that proper innovative strategies can be provided accordingly. Literature review: One of the most important challenges that are faced by managers all over the world is allocating group meetings following the time zones. Often managers who handle global teams are seen to complain that they face huge issues when they try to plan a meeting for global team members who are spread all over the globe. It often becomes unethical for the managers to advance team members to stay back in work for more hours or com early to work so that they can catch up with a meeting held globally (Babar Lescher 2014). Therefore missing of such meetings often result in loss of valuable information which if shared verbally or visually would have made better productivity or quick completion of projects in comparison to sharing this information through mails. Keeping proper information about correct navigation of time ones to communicate with all individuals properly is indeed difficult and needs to be properly handled so that proper communication among every team members irrespective of thei r time zones can be ensured (Story et al. 2014). They can pick up smart software like that of the TimeandDate.com which comprises of a world clock system which shows the right time at any place of the world. it also has a tool called meeting planner too which helps them setting a meeting and at the same time present in app system. Therefore managers have to develop flexible minds so that they can use different apps to overcome the challenges and fix proper meetings. Researchers are also of the opinion that there are many managers who do not pay importance to the regional national and religious holidays. Surveys conducted among many workers in multinational companies have stated that their organization do not respect the cultures and traditions of the people working there and this is evident from the fact that the mother organization do not provide national and religious holidays to the workers (Boutellier et al. 2013). Moreover, on the other hand managers who handle global teams complain that different members of the team have their own preferences and thereby handling such vast number of workers all over the companies in many nations becomes a tedious job. This rationale of the managers often creates issues s workers develop negative feelings about the company where they think that companies do not pay respect to their cultures and traditions. This creates poor job satisfaction and even may lead to increased turnovers. Therefore every mother or ganization should instill a team of managers who will be individually looking over the respective cultures for each of the organization sectors under the brands so that proper maintenance of national and religious holidays, importance of the cultural factors are provided so that workers feel accepted in the organization which will increase their self determination and dedication for achieving objectives. Providing importance to everyone c culture by accepting their traditions, not neglecting their beliefs or believing in their ideals will inevitable help in maintaining a multicultural work environment among the global teams where each will respect others and bring positive results (Crampton and Hinds 2014). Often workers who need to communicate among themselves oversees to handle a particular project may also develop issues as they might not be able to understand each others working styles and emotions. This might lead to miscommunications and grievances against each other. This wil l ultimately result in blame games and will affect the organizations productivity. Therefore the managers will influence the team members working with overseas with members of other teams should read books and website articles, watch movies, communicate about informal things with them when not on work, and share their experiences and others. These will help them to gather information about their cultural preferences and inhibitions and accordingly they will modify their behavior so that no negative issues occur affecting productivity. Another issue that may result act as a challenge which may be faced by employers or managers are lack of clarity and slow decision making. Often in order to modify a particular aspect of the organization including working style, introduction of new schemes, providing solution to particular issues and others, decisions are needed to be taken which needs to be circulated so that it can be adopted in the workplace as this information needs to travel through different layers of communication technologies and to different hierarchies of the different branches of the organization in different countries, it requires a huge time which mainly causes delay in placing the decision in action (Lilian 2014). Moreover, as a particular decision has to travel though various hierarchies in the organizations in different branches before it gets finalized, it also results in slow decision making which continues to affect the productivity. Moreover as it travels form one person to another person who are not in direct contact, different individuals perceive them differently which ultimately results in lack of clarity. Researchers are of the opinion that sharing a common software platform with all the team members, managers as well as the employers will help in properly communicating with each other (Pirkkalein and Powlaski 2014). The different opinions, suggestions, decisions and advices of the managers as well as the employers would reach everyone if they follow the software properly and communicate through a definite portal if they face any issues or have concerns regarding any information. They can access it according to their own time frame or can also track progress and follow comments of different team members. A geographically cloud based software would be of great help to resolve such challenges. Researchers have also stated that another challenged faced by stakeholders during management of global teams is absence of face to face communication. Different team members working in the different branches all over the world often need to communicate with each other over different aspects of their assignments, tasks, duties and suggestion as well as decisions. However often issues are faced by different managers, employees and other staffs when they try to communicate overseas. They do not have the option to sit for face to face communication which hampers the affectivity for the communications. Communications over mails and letters often affect the real essence of different suggestions, discussion and urgency of many situations. They also fail to invite argumentative discussion over a particular topic as two ways communication takes much time in absence of face to face communication (Colombo et al. 2014). Moreover, often face to face communication prevents any sort of miscommunica tions, correct delivery of instructions with proper professional tomes which might becomes harsh though letters as that does not allow facial expressions (Carter et al. 2015). Therefore many matters may get intensified leading to conflicts if not solved in face to face meetings of communications leading to grudges. These hamper the easy flow of work. However, many researchers have collected that which shows that organizations are therefore allowing virtual meetings over the internet with the help of proper software based technologies. Web conferences should be conducted in a scheduled manner so that all the members of the different branches of the organizations in the different nations can come together to discuss their concerns and have a face to face meetings. Another important issue that affects productivity of global teams is the rising social distance between the different members of different teams in different branches of the organization in the overseas nations. Many researchers state that often informal talks in the recess timings or even during taking breaks including both formal and informal discussion as bout professional and personal life makes people release pressure and they also develop a feeling of empathy for each other (Nahavandi 2016). However, there is no such scope for workers who are separated by geographical boundaries as dispersed team members lack regular face time and therefore they have increased social distance and lack the sense of empathy for each other. Under such situations, managers should take effective steps for allowing them to meet virtually and discuss issues and concerns informally so that they can deal with social distance strategically (Laudon 2016). Another challenge which also needs to be noted in such a scenario is that the employer has to spend a huge amount of money for training purposes. For making different employees working in different nations under the organization have to align themselves with the requirements and objectives of the organization (Busse, aboneh and Tefera 2014). They also have to develop idea about the expectations of the organization so that they have proper clarity in their job role. For this they have to spend huge amount of money respectively for all the global teams of the organizations. It is extremely important and hence the employer should strategically plan the training programs in a way which would result in les flow of resources at the same time of giving adequate training for the staffs (Eisenherdt et al. 2016). Conclusion: Each and every multinational company often builds up global teams with the aim for expansion of the business, to increase the productivity, develop their brand value and ta the same time increase their reputation. However, while doing so, they often face certain challenges in managing their global teams which requires urgent attention. These often include issues in managing the different employees coming from different cultures and tradition who have different sets of cultural preferences and inhibitions. Moreover, as meetings do not happen in face to face methods, social distance cannot be reduced. Direct meetings can also not be conducted due to differences in time zones. Moreover, it also results in slow decision making and decreased clarity which affects productivity of the organization. Moreover, it is also seen that huge amount of resources are needed to train such diverse workforce. 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